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Early Intervention and Newborn Hearing Loss Essay

Recently in the United States, there has been a drive at both the state and national level to provide universal screening for newborns to detect hearing loss. Although the idea of a universal screening in newborns is a new phenomenon, research has examined the impact of early intervention and screening for children with hearing loss. â€Å"Most professionals in the field feel strongly that early identification of hearing loss and early implementation of intervention enhances the child’s social, communicative, and academic development† (Calderon, 1998, p. 54). With that, the two studies used participants in the same early intervention program and mainly focused on the importance of the age of enrollment. Furthermore, the age of enrollment†¦show more content†¦Even though there is a great deal of research on the long term benefits of early intervention, continued screening and research will allow to further prove research that has shown â€Å"stronger and m ore consistent evidence of the benefits of early identification and intervention (prior to 12 months) on the development of language and communication skills† (Calderon, 1998, p. 55). Moreover, children are found to have better language scores when they enter early intervention before twelve months. With this, the two studies further explain the importance of early intervention. The first study deals with the age at which each participant started, the degree of their hearing loss and children’s speech production, language development, and auditory skills that were evaluated when they finished the program. Also, during this study information from the family was taken regarding their view on the time they started early intervention for their child. The first set of results found that the pretest scores of Group one, the youngest children scored the lowest on expressive and receptive language while the oldest group, Group three, scored the highest. On the other hand, when given the posttest, Group one scored higher than Group three. For speech production and auditory discrimination, all groups were at a basic level. At theShow MoreRelatedEarly Identification Of Hearing Loss1598 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1960’s Marion Downs pioneered early identification of hearing loss in Denver, Colorado. Dr. Downs worked diligently to implement early screening and identification for infants younger than 18 months. She stressed the importance of early identification regarding appropriate speech and language developmental milestones. The topic of early identification became a well-known nationwide health issue (Marion Downs Center). During this time, Dr. Downs proposed that a committee completely committedRead MoreHearing Loss Association Of America1358 Words   |  6 PagesBackground Hearing loss is one of the most common physical conditions in the United States. It has been referred to as an invisible condition, as we can’t see it occurring; all we see is the effects of it (Hearing Loss Association of America). The severity of the loss can range in the classifications of mild, moderate, severe, or profound. It can also occur in just one ear, or both. Hearing loss can occur at any age. People can be born with deafness (which is known as congenital hearing loss), or loseRead MorePsychopathology And Permanent Hearing Loss1403 Words   |  6 PagesPsychopathology and Permanent Hearing Loss in Pediatric Patient Population Laura Shipps Dr. Andrea Pittman SHS 508 – Pediatric Audiology 04/29/15 Pediatric Audiology and Psychopathology Permanent hearing loss at any age can be challenging; adults and children alike must adjust to the reduced ability to hear. Unlike adults, however, children are still learning the language and communication skills that they will use for the rest of their life. As such, hearing loss that occurs duringRead MoreHow Communication Disorders Can Be Divided Into Categories That Affect Different Domains Of Language2420 Words   |  10 Pagesdivided into categories that affect different domains of language. A person can have a language disorder, a speech disorder, a hearing loss (HL), or a feeding and swallowing disorder that can affect drastically the role they play in communication (Justice Rede, 2006). Being one of the major subgroups in communication disorders, HL is one that affects 4 out of every 1000 newborns in the United States making it a heterogeneous condition because it does not have a specific cause and the severity of HLRead MoreThe, The Branch Of Science And Medicine Concer ned With The Sense Of Hearing1060 Words   |  5 PagesAUDIOLOGY SERVICES (Audiology: the branch of science and medicine concerned with the sense of hearing.) This program includes Paediatric Diagnostic Hearing Assessments, which are necessary to find out whether a child is deaf or losing their hearing. It is ideal to pick up on deafness in it s earliest stages, so using this technology on newborns is significantly beneficial. Another program that runs in the audiology services, is the Cochlear Implants Program. First, the child is tested to see ifRead MoreThe Acquisition of Spoken Language in Deaf Children1839 Words   |  7 Pagesspoken in the world today and infants can acquire any of them if exposed to enough linguistic input. This process is disrupted when the child is not receiving typical language exposure. This is the case for deaf or hard of hearing children. Depending on the degree of hearing loss, part or all of the speech signal is lost as an infant tries to acquire the language being used around them. Luckily, we live in a world in which we are able to compensate for the challenges thrown at us. We have developedRead MoreThe Multi Tiered System Of Support Essay2040 Words   |  9 Pages(Carta, Greenwood, Atwater, McConnell, Goldstein and Kaminski 2015) believe that using Response to Intervention (RTI) or the Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) in preschool programs will begin to change th e way children read in kindergarten and in the future. Their study set out to show the value of identifying and preventing learning problems early and the importance of individualized instruction in a preschool setting. Out of six hundred and fifty-nine children in sixty-five Pre-K classesRead MoreThe Effects Of Hearing Loss On A Child s Life2314 Words   |  10 PagesHearing loss can have one of the biggest impacts on a child’s life. Hearing is an essential tool used to learn language; without the ability to hear, a child is missing out on key aspects that will help them learn language. This is why it is crucial that hearing loss is detected early on, because the earlier it is treated, the more likely the child is to develop listening and spoken language skills appropriate for their age. Children that are born deaf are already at a disadvantage as the typicalRead MoreEssay on Noise in the Nicu2636 Words   |  11 Pagespreterm infant is very sensitive to stimulation from the outside world and lacks the autonomic and functional maturity to filter and process stimuli (Zahr, 1995). Studies have shown that adults exposed to excessive noise has resulted in noise-induced hearing loss, and a clear correlation has been found between noise incidence and intensity, and noise-induced stimulation of the autonomic nervous system, Results have shown marked increases in blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (Pediatrics, 2007). Read MoreTeaching Deaf Students : Technology Essay1778 Words   |  8 Pagesclassroom that are geared towards hearing and speech impaired students may bring thought provoking scenarios about the struggles these students face. For many, the personal agony can only be imagined, but one will never really understand what goes through the minds of children who are unable to hear or speak. Nevertheless, I will explore how educational accessories such as audio and video related tools have shaped the way forward for a number of children with h earing and speech disabilities. In the

Locomotive and Train free essay sample

Modern life is impossible without travelling. Thousands of people travel every day either business or for pleasure. They can travel by air, by sea, by train, by road. For some people there is nothing so exciting as traveling, and Im not an exception. I hate seeing people off, I prefer being seen off myself. Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. During the journey, you can take a nap, but at night when you really want to sleep, it’s almost impossible. Inevitably, you arrive at your destination almost exhausted. But there are a lot of advantages. With a train you have speed, comfort and pleasure combined. From comfortable corner seat you have a splendid view of the whole countryside. If you are hungry, you can have a meal in the dining – car, if the journey is a long one you can have a wonderful bed in a sleeper. We will write a custom essay sample on Locomotive and Train or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, railway – station is the most interesting place. There is the movement, the excitement and the gaiety of people going away or waiting to meet friends. There are the shouts of the porters as they pull luggage along the platforms to the waiting trains, the crowd at the booking – office getting tickets, the hungry and thirsty ones hurrying to the refreshment rooms before the train starts. As for me, travel by train it’s boring and tiring. I prefer travel by plan. Of course, travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way, but it is the most expensive too. Travelling by sea is very popular. Large ships and small river boats can visit foreign countries and different interesting places. Sometimes I travel by ship. Its wonderful to feel the deck of the ship under the feet, to see the rise and fall of the waves, to feel the fresh sea wind blowing in the face, hear the cry of the sea-gulls. Of course, the voyage isnt exciting for those who are sea-sick. But I repeat again the cheapest and enjoyable way to travel is walking the forest, country. People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea or air. Hardly can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours or even a few days. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. More over travelling by train is not very comfortable, as on the long distances people don’t have an opportunity of having a shower. For many people sleeping in train is almost impossible because of the monotonous train’s swaying and fellow travellers’ snoring. As for the rest travelling by train is very interesting. From the comfortable corner seat of the railway carriage passengers have a splendid view of the whole countryside. Also there is a dining car for having a meal and a sleeper for having a rest. Besides, many travellers think that a railway station is a very interest place. There is the movement, the excitement, the gaiety of people going away or waiting to meet friends. There are the shouts of the porters as they pull luggage along the platforms to the waiting trains, the crowd at the booking-office getting tickets, the hungry and thirsty ones hurrying to the refreshment rooms. By the way trains as we know them were invented in Britain in the 1820s. So the railway  system in Great Britain  is the oldest in the world. Today’s British rails are highly efficient and offer impressive on-board service.

Water Pollution Essay Example

Water Pollution Paper There are many causes for pollution. It may be natural and it can also be caused by human activities. The big causes for marine pollution are oil spills, sewage and toxic wastes such as chemical and radioactive wastes. Oil comes to the water usually by accidental spills from ships, tankers, pipelines, and leaking underground storage tanks. There is no doubt that oil and chemical products are poisonous to the inhabitants of the seas, lakes, oceans, or water storage sites. Most oil pills are reported to be accidental, but a majority of the timer they really arena. 2% f oil spills comes from accidents while the remaining 70% comes from the daily routine of ships to dispose of oils. What makes it destructive is the huge amount of oil being dispersed to the sea. The disaster has killed thousands of animals and birds as well as plants. Approximately over 1 sea otters and birds are killed due to oil spills. Several billion salmon and herring eggs are also believed to have been destroyed. Mi lton Marie explains the oil attract to fish because it look like looting food; this is dangerous for the sea birds which are attracted to schools of fish and may dive through oil slicks to get to the fish. . Similarly, in articles Oil Spills, Cooper Mary states that the first obvious victims are birds and other aquatic wildlife that live along the shoreline. Birds cannot distinguish between clean water and an oil slick. Sewage is another example of how pollution can affect us all. It is the term used for wastewater that often contains feces, urine and laundry waste that comes from bathing gashing and cleaning by residential and commercial buildings. In many poor areas of the world, sewage is dumped into local waterways, in the absence of practical alternatives. Sewage discharged Into coastal waters can cause health hazards to people who usually bathe or surf in the water. People might swallow polluted water caused by improper sewage disposal resulting in several illnesses. It is also poisonous for some marine animals like shellfishes such as cockles and mussels that grow near the shore. People who have eaten poisoned shellfishes contaminated by sewage can suffer an acute and sometimes fatal illness called paralytic shellfish poisoning. Chemical and radioactive wastes are some of the factors that contribute to the destruction Of the aquatic systems. Chemical wastes that comes from cleaning detergents, agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, other heavy metal materials that contains arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and mercury and a highly toxic chemical called tribunal (TAB) contributes to the vast growing pollution of watery bodies. Tribunal was used in paints to protect boats from the ravaging effects of the oceans. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ironically, however, T 8TH was gradually recognized as a pollutant: boats painted with it were doing as much damage to the oceans as the oceans were doing to the boats. These chemical wastes come from the result of human activities and other natural occurrences such as weathering of soils and rocks and from volcanic eruptions. People who eat fishes exposed to these chemicals will be poisoned. Radioactive wastes are nuclear wastes produced from industrial, medical and scientific processes hat use radioactive material. Radiation causes death to marine animals. Oil spills, sewage and toxic wastes such as chemical and radioactive wastes are some of the main factors that contribute to the devastation of the aquatic ecosystem. In conclusion, it is clear to everyone the problems that cause water pollution. It doesnt only affect living things for a short term but has long lasting effects that can take years or centuries to clean up. Everyone needs to be more concerned with our water supply and products that can threaten it. Water Pollution Essay Example Water Pollution Essay Water Pollution Control Ord. (Repealed) 273 The East Pakistan Water Pollution Control Ordinance, 1970 East Pakistan Ord. No. V of 1970 [Published in Dacca Gazette, Extraordinary, dated 23 rd February, 1970] [Repealed by Ord. XIII of 1977] An Ordinance to provide for the control, prevention and abatem ent of pollution of waters of East Pakistan. Whereas it is expedient to provide for the control, prevention and abatement of pollution of waters of East Pakistan; Now, therefore, in pursuance of the Proclamation of the 25th day of March, 1969, read with the Provisional Constitution Order, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Governor is pleased to make and promulgate the following Ordinance:1. Short title, extent and commencement. (1) This Ordinance may be called the East Pakistan Water Pollution Control Ordinance, 1970. (2) (3) It extends to the whole of East Pakistan. It shall come into force at once. 2. Definitions. In this Ordinance, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject of context,(a) â€Å"Board† means the Water pollution Control Board constituted under section 3 of this Ordinance; (b) â€Å"Chairman† means the Chairman of the Board; (c) â€Å"Chief Engineer† means the Chief Engineer, Public Health Engineering, Government of East Pakistan; (d) â€Å"disposal sys tem† means a system for disposing of wastes, either by surface or underground methods, and includes sewerage systems, treatment works and disposal wells; We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer (e) â€Å"pollution† means such contamination, or other alteration of the physical, chemical or biological properties of any waters, including change in temperature, taste, colour, turbidity, or odour of the waters, or such discharge of any liquid, gaseous, solid, radioactive, or other substance into any waters as will or is likely to create a nuisance or render such waters harmful, detrimental or injurious to public health, safety or welfare, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate beneficial uses, or to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic life ; (f) â€Å"sewerage system† means pipe lines or conduits, pumping stations, and force mains, and all other structures, devices, appurtenances cwi†¡ek AvBb msKjb 274 (g) (h) (i) nd facilities used for collecting or conducting wastes to an ultimate point for treatment or disposal; â€Å"treatment works† means any plant or other works, used for the purpo se or treating, stabilising or holding wastes; â€Å"wastes† means sanitary sewage, industrial discharges and all other liquid, gaseous, solid, radioactive, or other substances which may pollute or tend to pollute any waters; â€Å"Water† means all waters including all streams, coastal waters, tanks, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, watercourses, waterways, wells, springs, irrigation systems, drainage systems, and all other bodies or accumulation of waters, surface or underground, natural or public or private. 3. Constitution of the Board. (1) For carrying out the purposes of this Ordinance, there shall be a Board to be called the East Pakistan Water Pollution Control Board consisting of the following members, namely :(a) the Additional Chief Secretary (Planning and Development) to the Government of East Pakistan, who shall also be the Chairman of the Board ; (b) the Secretary to the Government of East Pakistan in the Basic Democracies and Local Government Department; (c) the Secretary to the Government of East Pakistan in the Agricultural Department ; (d) the Secretary to the Government of East Pakistan in the Commerce and Industries Department ; (e) the Director of Health Services, Government of East Pakistan; (f) the Chief Engineer, Public Health Engineering, Government of East Pakistan; (g) one person to represent the East Pakistan Water and power Development Authority to be nominated by that Authority; and (h) one person to represent the East Pakistan Inland Water Transport Authority to be nominated by that Authority. (2) The Provincial Government shall appoint an officer of the Directorate of Public Health Engineering, Government of East Pakistan, to be the Secretary of the Board. 4. Meetings of the Board. (1) The meetings of the Board shall be held on such date and at such time and place as the Chairman may direct : Provided that when there is any appeal to the Board under sub-section (2) of section 7, the Board shall meet within fifteen days from the date of such appeal. Water Pollution Control Ord. (Repealed) 275 (2) All meetings of the Board shall be presided over by the Chairman and, in his absence, by a member nominated by him. (3) Three members of the Board shall form a quorum. (4) All matters at a meeting of the Board shall be decided by majority of the votes of the members present. (5) Each member of the Board shall have one vote and in the event of equality of votes the Chairman shall have a casting vote. (6) Proceedings of the meetings of the Board shall be recorded, circulated to its members within a fortnight and submitted for confirmation at next meeting. 5. Functions of the Board. (1) the Board shall (a) formulate policies for the control, prevention and abatement of pollution of waters of East Pakistan; and (b) suggest measures for the implementation of its policies; (2) For the purpose of sub-section (1), the Board may(a) require any person to furnish or cause to be furnished such information as it may specify; (b) call for a report fr om the Chief Engineer on the existing and potential water pollution problems in the whole of East Pakistan or in any part thereof; and (c) appoint such expert committee as it may consider necessary. 6. Implementation of the policies. (1) The Chief Engineer shall be responsible for implementation of the policies formulated by the Board and for adopting or causing to be adopted measures suggested by it. (2) For the purpose of sub-section (1), the Chief Engineer may, by order in writing,(a) require any person or commercial or industrial undertaking to adopt such measures, including construction, modification, extension or alteration of any disposal system, as may be specified therein for the prevention, control nd abatement of existing or potential pollution of any waters; (b) require any person or commercial or industrial undertaking to furnish such information as may be specified therein relating to wastes, sewerage system or treatment works in any land or building owned or occupied by such person or undertaking; and (c) require any person or commercial or industrial undertaking to permit any officer named therein to enter upon, inspect and search any land or building owned or occupied by such person or cwi†¡ek AvBb msKjb 276 undertaking and to inspect and test any wastes, waters, plants, materials or disposal system found therein and to afford all reasonable opportunities to such officer for such inspection, search and test. (3) The Chief Engineer may, by order in writing, delegate all or any of his powers under sub-section (2) to the Project Director, Water Pollution Control Project, who shall exercise the powers so delegated subject to the general control and supervision of the Chief Engineer. 7. Obligation to comply with the order of the Chief Engineer. (1) Where the Chief Engineer makes any order in writing under sub-section (2) of section 6 requiring any person or commercial or industrial undertaking to adopt any measures for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of any waters or to furnish any information or to permit any officer to enter upon, inspect or search any land or building and to inspect and test any wastes, waters, plant materials or disposal system such person or commercial or industrial undertaking shall, subject to the provision of sub-section (2) comply with such order. (2) any person or commercial or industrial undertaking aggrieved by an order in writing made by the Chief Engineer under clause (a) of sub-section (2) of section 6 may, within one month from the date of the order, prefer an appeal against such order to the Board and the decision of the Board shall be final. 8. Penalty and procedure. (1) Whoever fails or neglects to comply with any order of the Chief Engineer or, where an appeal is preferred under sub-section (2) of section 7, with the final decision thereon of the Board shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend to five thousand rupees or with both, and may, in addition, be punishable with a further fine which may extend to twenty rupees for every day of the period during which the failure or negligence continues. (2) No court shall take cognizance of an offence under this Ordinance except on a report in writing of the facts constituting the offence made by the Chief Engineer or an officer authorised by him in this behalf. 9. Offence by commercial or industrial undertakings. Where the person guilty of an offences under this Ordinance is a commercial or industrial undertaking, every owner, director, manager, secretary or other officer or agent thereof shall, unless he proves that he made all efforts and exercised all diligence to prevent the commission of the offence, be deemed to be guilty of such offence. 10. Indemnity. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against the Board, the Chief Engineer or any o ther person for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Ordinance. 11. Power to make rules. The Provincial Government may make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Ordinance. Water Pollution Essay Example Water Pollution Paper Domestic effluents are generated from activities such as bathing, laundry, cleaning, cooking, washing, and other kitchen activities. This contains a large amount of organic waste with suspended solids and silicosis. Calculations made based on available data show that half the organic waste is from the domestic sector (POEM, 2003). As stated in the EMBED report, domestic wastewater discharges contribute highest to the BODY load as the lack of sewage treatment system allows more than 90 percent of inadequately treated domestic sewage to be discharged into surface waters, which contain cetera and viruses that threaten human life. Geographically, data show that one-third (30 percent) of BODY generation comes from Metro Manila and Region IV alone, at 18 and 15 percent, respectively (POEM, 2003). Industrial wastewater Reports show that the volume and characteristics of industrial effluents vary by type of industry and are influenced by different factors such as production processes and the scale of production used. Industries that are found to be water-intensive, I. E. Food and dairy manufacturing, pulp, paper and paperboard products, and textile products, correspondingly discharge large mounts of wastewater (POEM, 2003). Most of the water pollution-intensive industries are in National Capital Region, Collaboration, and Region Ill. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Food manufacturing industries, piggeries, and slaughterhouses are the main sources of organic pollution (POEM, 2004). A report from a study conducted by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNDID) in 1 999 emphasizes that the situation is even more critical with regard to hazardous wastes. In the said report, approximately 2,000 cubic meters of solvent wastes, 22,000 tons of heavy metals, infectious wastes, biological sludge, fabricate, and intractable wastes, as well as 25 million cubic meters of acid/ alkaline liquid wastes are improperly disposed of annually in the Metro Manila area alone. A study by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (CIA) conducted in 2001 (as cited in National Economic Development Authority document on the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010) states that around 700 industrial establishments in the Philippines generate about 273,000 tons of hazardous wastes per annum. It was further estimated that with 5,000 potential hazardous waste generators, about 2. 41 million tons of hazardous wastes will e generated. At present, the report added, there is no integrated treatment facility for hazardous wastes in the country although there are about 95 small to mediumistic treatment facilities that treat hazardous wastes (I. E. , used oil, sludge). There is approximately 50,000 tons of hazardous wastes stored on or offset due to lack Of proper treatment, recovery and recycling facilities. Sometimes they end up being recycled in backyard operations further putting at risk workers and communities hosting these informal recycling facilities. Other hazardous wastes are exported to other countries for recovery and disposal (I. . Teal bearing sludge, used solvents and electronic wastes) and treatment (e. G. PC). Health and environmental problems Much of the surface water in urban areas is a public health risk while rural surface waters are also sources of disease. The World Bank estimates that exposure to water pollution and poor sanitation account for one-sixth of reported disease cases, and nearly 6,00 0 premature deaths per year. The cost of treatment and lost income from illness and death due to water pollution is pegged at PH. 7 billion (IIS$134 million) per year (POEM 2006). Pollution of our water resources such as untreated wastewater discharges effect human health through the spread of disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Some known examples of diseases that may be spread through wastewater discharge are Castro-enteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, and, recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (CARS) (POEM 2003). The state fatter in the Philippines (Beaconing, Beau, 2007, October). Retrieved January 9, 2013, from http://WV. Greenback. Org/seas/ pH/Global l/seas/report art/2007/1 Alto e-state-of-water-in -the-p . UDF Hazardous and toxic waste management Republic Act 6969, implemented by DADO 29 series of 1 992, regulates the angle of activities associated with hazardous and toxic materials (use, transportation, storage, export, distribution, manufacture, and processing). Users or handlers of chemicals must first check with EDEN whether the substances are included in the Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances (EPICS). A Chemical Control Order (CO) prohibiting, limiting, or subjecting use to certain controls or conditions may be issued for chemicals that pose an unreasonable risk to public health or the environment. Environmental Impact Management System An on-going innovation under the IIS system is the introduction Of aristocratic compliance. Under this program, industries sited in declared industrial development areas may be issued a single Environmental Compliance Certificate (SEC). This approach has the advantage of reducing the cost of document preparation and review. Furthermore, it justifies the future application of carrying capacity assessments to determine the number and types of industries that should be allowed to locate in a given area. Philippines: Country Profile. In Green Productivity Practices: In Select Industry Sectors. (Abandon, Earner. 2001) Retrieved January 9, 201 3, from http:// www. Pop-Tokyo. Org/gap/e_public/gap/plenipotentiaries. PDF Water pollution creeping in ? senator MANILA Philippines The Philippines faces a creeping water pollution problem because Of rapid arbitration and industrialization, a senator warned over the weekend. Senator Pillar Juliann Pip S. Cetacean, chairperson of the Senate Health and Demography Committee, said she is worried that government has weakly-implemented programs to improve the quality of fresh water supply. Cetacean pointed out that inadequate resources, institutional fragmentation and poor statistics as the major stumbling blocks n achieving the goal of securing a sufficient future supply of clean fresh water. She said addressing this concern is in line with the Millennium Development Goal 7 for environment sustainability which is to reduce by one half, by 201 5, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Seen. Juan Miguel Cubic, Senate Committee on Environment and Natural Resources chairman, said the issue emphasizes the importance of reforesting the countrys denuded mountains. Forests, Cubic said, act as watersheds, storing and releasing fresh water through natural processes. In past Senate Committee hearings, testimonies on the countrys forest reserve being denuded at a fast clip the past few decades had been presented. Citing the Philippine Environment Monitor report of the World Bank in 2003, domestic wastewater represents 48 percent of the total pollution in the entire country; the rest is due to industrial and agricultural sources. In Metro Manila alone, the share Of domestic sewage is 58 percent of the total. Because of insufficient sewage treatment and disposal, more than 90 percent of the sewage generated in the Philippines is not disposed or treated in an environmentally acceptable manner, Cetacean aid. The same report estimates that water pollution costs the Philippine economy an estimated APP billion ($. 3 billion) annually of which PA billion is attributed to health, APP billion to fisheries production and APP billion to tourism. Cetacean pointed out that Department of Health (DOD) statistics show that approximately 1 8 people die each day from water-borne diseases, which accounted for 31 percent of all reported illnesses from 1996-2000. She said the Congressional Oversight Committee was created following the enactment of the Clean Water Act in 2004 and found out weaknesses in the enforcement of environmentally-related laws. There are too many hands dipping in the broth, so to speak. Around 30 government agencies are involved in the management of our water resources. The gaps, overlaps and conflicts of responsibilities are apparent during the conduct of our (committee) hearings, making the institutional framework highly fragmented, weak and complicated, she said. Water pollution creeping in senator (Assyrian, Mario. 2011 , April) Retrieved January 9, 2013 from http:// www. MBA. Com. pH/articles/312556/water-pollution-creeping-senator#. UH KIP- Twats Water pollution a threat Gobo not enforcing environment laws SSW survey MANILA, Philippines . Five Of every 10 Filipinos believe water pollution is a serious threat to their health and environment, but the government is unable to enforce environmental laws. Results of a survey of the Social Weather Stations released Friday also showed that at least three of every six residents of Metro Manila did not agree that pollution was an acceptable trade-off for economic progress. The SSW survey, a first on water pollution and enforcement of environmental laws, was commissioned by the environmental group Greenback as part of its Project: Clean Water program launched in September. The initiative aims to immobile action in retention the countrys vast fresh water sources. A recent World Bank study warned of a possible water scarcity problem in the country by 2025. The survey from Novo. 30 to Deck. 3 covered 1,200 randomly chosen adult respondents divided into samples of 300 each in Metro Manila, Luzon, Visas and Mindanao. We wanted to see how Filipinos perceive the problem because it is very hard to push for the implementation of environmental laws if the public accepts water pollution as an unavoidable consequence of economic development, said Beau Beaconing, Greenback Southeast Asia campaigner in a press conference Friday. Half of the respondents said water pollution in the country was a very serious problem and posed great danger to their health and environment; 22 percent found it somewhat serious; nine percent, a little serious; and 19 percent, hardly serious. While growing concern for water pollution was noted among residents in urban areas, with 58 percent finding it unacceptable that economic progress should mean environmental destruction, some 48 percent said they were not aware of any laws enacted to help prevent pollution. Among the environmental policies cited in the survey were the Clean Water Act and the Solid Waste Management Act. Water Pollution Essay Example Water Pollution Paper Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans and beaches. This occurs when large factories dump their waste prod cuts into the water. Water has the ability to carry many pathogens and bacteria. Because SE of this, water is responsible for many deaths and illnesses. This fact was discovered a long time ago when many people fell sick, and after tests, it was realized this was b cause of the drinking water. People, even back in the ancient times, would suddenly be come ill and not know why. All the water they drank was contaminated with innumerate s germs. Water pollution has not gotten any better. In reality, it has become much word SE, and has progressed into an extremely serious situation. Some say that water pollution is not a problem, and that it doesnt threaten or even affect human life on earth. It is said that the earth will just absorb all oft he pollution, and we will no longer have to worry about it. Pollution does not just disappear. However, the toxins in the water are absorbed, but they dont go away. An off etc of this is acid rain, which will be explained later. The more contamination the earth s sucks up, ill only increase global warming because the viruses will only live in the earth has crust and filter through the air. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Water pollution is a problem, and its been a problem m for a long time. Back in the ancient times, water purification was strongly advised, and many cultures all around the world took part in it. Suggestions for methods to treat water first came up in 2000 BC. In 500 BC, Egyptians used the principle of coagulation. Coagulation removes dirt and other fragments in the water. Alum and other c Heimlich are added to water to attract the dirt particles. The dirt then becomes heehaw e cough to sink to the bottom and is easily cleaned out. The next major step in water purr fiction started in 300 BC when Rome built the first aqueducts. The Romans created a aqueducts to bring a water from far away into large cities and towns. In order to keep the e towns clean, waste water was released into nearby bodies of water. Although the futz ere for water treatment was looking hopeful, beginning in 500 AD, or the Dark Ages, t here became a lack of scientific breakthroughs and experiments. Roman empires d stored most of the aqueducts and Europe saw a dramatic change in their water soup y and sewage systems. The poor sanitation caused epidemics throughout medieval towns in Europe. People quickly found out that water transmitted several diseases. The e most common diseases discovered were cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever and diary rhea. Due to the lack of water sanitation, these pathogens spread rapidly to different coo entries and cities. In the late 20th century, the biological hazards transmitted by water me urged in the post modern Western world. Today, roughly 1 0,000 people die every day c caused by lack of safe water and adequate sanitation. Approximately 16 million people come down with Typhoid fever each year, an d about 600,000 of them die. Typhoid fever is an infection that causes diarrhea and a rash, most commonly due to a type of bacteria called Salmonella typhoid, which is carried in water. Cholera is another sickness people have been catching from dirty WA term. This is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diary rhea. It is estimated that between 42,000 and 142,000 people die of cholera each year. Other diseases like dysentery, polio, and hepatitis can also be transmitted and Carrie d in eater. Dysentery, which is an infection of the intestines, infects 140 million pee pole a year. About a 23rd of those with the sickness die. Polio is not the the most co moon disease people get through unsafe drinking water, however many people still can get it. Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis, and 20,000 people have been paralyzed and about 1,000 people die d in the United States from this bacteria each year. One out of every three people have e been infected with hepatitis B, thats roughly two billion people. Hepatitis is swelling ND inflammation of the liver. The term is often used to refer to a viral infection of the liver, and 400 million people have become chronically ill and can no longer be cure d. These diseases, and other waterborne pathogens, contribute to 60% of early childhood do death. However, these illnesses dont only affect humans, but animals too. Many ache mica pollutants enter water sources from runoff agricultural fields, and metals can wash into Water during mining operations. Once the toxins are in bodies Of water, anima alls willingly consume them, because they dont understand the danger of it. Spoon doing t his, they become boomeranging up the food chain. The toxin becomes extremely cone nitrated in the tissues of organisms and is then carried in offspring and other organisms at the top of the food chain. This worldwide problem has been responsible for the millions of deaths of people, plants and animals. Not only does water pollution cause animals and humans to become excessively ill, it has the ability to destroy many animal habitats, and cause irreplaceable damage to ecosystems. Due to lack of control, large industries d ump different types of wastes into streams and rivers. Pollutants cause aquatic life difficulties breathing. Once the toxins are in the water, the animals that drink from the RI ever, lake etc. , are in danger of serious sickness. Water pollution can easily contribute to the extinction of certain species. Because of these careless acts of disposal, many animals suffer. However, its notes ourselves and the animals that we should be word wing about. Water pollution is the main contributor to acid rain and other environ mental problems such as increased algal blooms. Algal blooms are a powdery surface covering certain fresh fruits, leaves or even the stems. A rapid growth of this in water c asses a colored scum on the surface, which can be very deadly for the aquatic life undid earnest. There are many ways that cause acid rain also, which is an extremely serious and fatal result of water pollution. Many people contribute to it without even knowing. Acid rain hinders plant growth and damages soil on a major scale. The burning g of fossil fuels releases compounds that interact with the water in the air, creating modified version of the raindrop. Once the moisture from the water is absorb De into the air and clouds, all of the toxins from the water go with it. Although this is cons tiered a result of water pollution, things like heat and the oil industries factor into the pollution. Agricultural runoff, mining waste, paved roads and all of the industrial activity have a hand in contaminating the water. Waste from large corporations can make its way to the water through rainwater drainage, melting snow and running rivers. Paved or ads give the toxins help in finding the way to a water source. The oil industry is though OTF as the root to all polluting problems. Drilling, moving, laying pipeline, and shipping 0 pens the possibility of water pollution. The main contribution the oil industry has on pop Elution are the accidental oil spills, especially like the ones that happened near the Gulf C coast. So many things can lead to water pollution, and if it doesnt stop now, the earth a ND we who live on it, will begin to suffer. Over time, if the pollution of the water keeps getting worse, we will see a significant decrease of clean water. Without that, there wont be access to safe e drinking water, which will have uncertain and/ or fatal results. Another problem that could affect the humans, and the animals Of the world, is poison. People and animals such s bears rely of fish for food. If the water is contaminated then the toxins from the watt re will be inside of the fish. When the animals and humans eat the fish for food, thefts e ND up consuming the poison in the fish and become very ill. Not only will the life on earth become poisoned and sick, the marine life, obviously, will suffer the most and we will see an extinction in most species in the water. This can affect the food chain a ND change everything. Around 70% of industrial waste is dumped into the water bodies where they pollute the usable water supply. That means that most of the earths water the t we use for drinking, and that we swim in or shower with, has been contaminated with countless toxins. Fourteen billion pounds of garbage, mostly plastic, is dumped into the ocean every year, and a large majority Of it never gets cleaned Out. Each year the gar bag piles up and just keeps adding to the problem. In America, 40% of the rivers a ND 46% of the lakes are polluted and are considered unhealthy for swimming fishing or aquatic life. Such pollution is because of the industries and their excessive dumping, a ND the fact that two million tons of human waste is disposed in water everyday, from he poor sewer systems. As per U. S EPA estimates, every year in the U. S, 1. 2 trillion gall ones of sewage from household, industries and restaurants, is dumped into United SST attest water. 80% of the water pollution is caused due to domestic sewage like thro Wing garbage on open ground and water bodies. Plastic waste being a major water pollute NT, is causing huge destruction of marine life and is believed to be responsible of r deaths of more than 100,000 sea mammals, sea birds and various types of fishes. The w asset that ends up in the water contains bacteria, parasites and viruses. Water Pollution Essay Example Water Pollution Paper There are many causes for pollution. It may be natural and it can also be caused by human activities. The big causes for marine pollution are oil spills, sewage and toxic wastes such as chemical and radioactive wastes. Oil comes to the water usually by accidental spills from ships, tankers, pipelines, and leaking underground storage tanks. There is no doubt that oil and chemical products are poisonous to the inhabitants of the seas, lakes, oceans, or water storage sites. Most oil pills are reported to be accidental, but a majority of the timer they really arena. 2% f oil spills comes from accidents while the remaining 70% comes from the daily routine of ships to dispose of oils. What makes it destructive is the huge amount of oil being dispersed to the sea. The disaster has killed thousands of animals and birds as well as plants. Approximately over 1 sea otters and birds are killed due to oil spills. Several billion salmon and herring eggs are also believed to have been destroyed. Mi lton Marie explains the oil attract to fish because it look like looting food; this is dangerous for the sea birds which are attracted to schools of fish and may dive through oil slicks to get to the fish. . Similarly, in articles Oil Spills, Cooper Mary states that the first obvious victims are birds and other aquatic wildlife that live along the shoreline. Birds cannot distinguish between clean water and an oil slick. Sewage is another example of how pollution can affect us all. It is the term used for wastewater that often contains feces, urine and laundry waste that comes from bathing gashing and cleaning by residential and commercial buildings. In many poor areas of the world, sewage is dumped into local waterways, in the absence of practical alternatives. Sewage discharged Into coastal waters can cause health hazards to people who usually bathe or surf in the water. People might swallow polluted water caused by improper sewage disposal resulting in several illnesses. It is also poisonous for some marine animals like shellfishes such as cockles and mussels that grow near the shore. People who have eaten poisoned shellfishes contaminated by sewage can suffer an acute and sometimes fatal illness called paralytic shellfish poisoning. Chemical and radioactive wastes are some of the factors that contribute to the destruction Of the aquatic systems. Chemical wastes that comes from cleaning detergents, agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, other heavy metal materials that contains arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and mercury and a highly toxic chemical called tribunal (TAB) contributes to the vast growing pollution of watery bodies. Tribunal was used in paints to protect boats from the ravaging effects of the oceans. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ironically, however, T 8TH was gradually recognized as a pollutant: boats painted with it were doing as much damage to the oceans as the oceans were doing to the boats. These chemical wastes come from the result of human activities and other natural occurrences such as weathering of soils and rocks and from volcanic eruptions. People who eat fishes exposed to these chemicals will be poisoned. Radioactive wastes are nuclear wastes produced from industrial, medical and scientific processes hat use radioactive material. Radiation causes death to marine animals. Oil spills, sewage and toxic wastes such as chemical and radioactive wastes are some of the main factors that contribute to the devastation of the aquatic ecosystem. In conclusion, it is clear to everyone the problems that cause water pollution. It doesnt only affect living things for a short term but has long lasting effects that can take years or centuries to clean up. Everyone needs to be more concerned with our water supply and products that can threaten it.

responsibility essays

responsibility essays Being responsible refers to our ability to make decisions that serve our own interests and the interests of others. We first need to be responsible for ourselves before we can be responsible for others. In learning to be more responsible it is important that we know our limitations. It does not matter how smart we are, there is only so much responsibility that a person can handle. It is also important to remember that we are not responsible for things that are out of our control, for example, how other people feel or how they react to ourselves or others. Sharing responsibility for both success and failure can lead to increased responsibility to oneself and others. When you hear the word responsibility, what do you think of first? Many people think of the word BLAME, as in, Whose responsibility is this? I think of responsibility as seizing whats in front of you, exerting choice, and taking control. The real meaning of responsibility is the ability to respond. Its going out and creating what you want through personal choices. The responsibility that each of us has is that we are completely, 100% responsible for how our lives turn out. If you think that being responsible at all times is too hard or too easy, think again; the truth falls somewhere in between. Being responsible involves having some skills, a caring and open attitude, and a good sense of what we can and cannot do. We have a choice to pick out "duties." But I'm "responsible" for myself. You can't drink a glass of water for me. You can't eat a sandwich for me. You could cook a beautiful steak and put it in front of me, but you can't eat it for me, is that correct? And you can't go to the bathroom for me. So I'm "responsible" for all that. I'm responsible for how I feel. You can't think for me. You can't act for me. You can't do any of those things. I'm responsible for my own attitude and I have a duty to ot...

Energy Example

Energy Example Energy – Coursework Example Energy No: Energy In the past few decades, the industrial revolution brought many problems besides several economic benefits. The most important damage that the industrial revolution produced is the climate change. The climate change is due to the emissions of the green house gasses and aerosol particles from the factories and vehicles. The most emissions are produced to fulfill the energy requirements in the United States. In this way there is a need to find such resources that produce no or less harmful emissions. Renewable energy resources and nuclear energy are free from harmful emissions while coal and other fossil fuel resources produce much green house emissions. â€Å"The U.S. should expand its use of nuclear energy to generate electricity, replacing coal-fired plants with nuclear power plants as soon as possible. Nuclear power and renewable energy sources are to be preferred over coal and other fossil fuels†.Nuclear energy is free from green house gas emissions and th e most important concern in the modern world is the green house emissions. There is a need to control the green house gas emissions in order to reduce the environmental impacts of energy sector. Results show that averagely there is an increase of about 0.8-1oC rise in the temperature of the world due to the climate change. The utilization of other renewable resources like solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, etc also produce no or fewer amounts of green house emissions and thus climate change can be reduced by utilizing the green house gas emissions. A nuclear power plant is a kind of a thermal power plant in which nuclear fuel replaces the fossil fuel. Thus it is feasible to replace the current coal powered power plants with the nuclear energy, as both are thermal power plants. However, there is much difference in a methods utilized to extract energy from the nuclear sources and fossil fuel sources. Some disadvantages of the nuclear power exist like exposing to the radiations, secu rity and intensity of energy. However, a better security method can minimize the security and exposing to the radiation risk. Thus nuclear power is safe and environment friendly source of energy and utilized in a massive way to reduce the effects of climate change. In the similar way, other renewable energy resources are also encouraged to be utilized.ReferencesKanellos, Michael. (January 12, 2012). â€Å"Should U.S Expend Nuclear Power†? CBSnews.com. Retrieved 20th Jane 2012 from cbsnews.com/8301-504466_162-6087612-504466.html

Self-Disclosure, Gender, and Communication Essay

Self-Disclosure, Gender, and Communication - Essay Example By divulging inner feelings, fears and preferences through daily quality sharing of information, Orbuch emphasized that long term romantic relationships are enforced. I definitely agree to the points contended giving support to the self-disclosure as instrumental in revealing new and exciting information that could prolong the interest and enthusiasm in a married couples’ relationship. I believe that in any interpersonal relationship, for that matter, the value of new information in diverse subjects provides the impetus for sustained interest in the relationship. The ability to pay attention to one’s partner is crucial and is enriched through quality communication that was suggested to be continually nurtured through time. I can definitely relate to the article on self-disclosure in relationships, especially on the portion which explains that self-disclosure actually manifests a â€Å"sharing (of) your private feelings, fears, doubts and perceptions with your partnerâ €  (Schoenberg, 2011, p. 7). By revealing intimate feelings, emotions, preferences with one’s partner, a portion of oneself is virtually exposed and it is as if one is committing oneself by confiding private matters that only the lifelong partner is expected to know. It creates a strong bond linking two married couples together. In this regard, I agree that self-disclose is important and directly related to satisfaction in relationship because, as abovementioned, the ability to confide to one’s partner requires trust and commitment and a deep understanding that whatever deep secrets are divulged would not be relayed to others.

Probation and Punishment in Correctional Facilities Assignment

Probation and Punishment in Correctional Facilities - Assignment Example My review of Kris’ file matches Roberts. I concur with Roberts views on whether a Kris’ pre-sentence report predicts that he shall successfully complete. He considers the fact that Kris recently got married, has no history of probation as an adult and the fact the completed his probation successfully as an a juvenile. I concur with the yardsticks employed to arrive at the conclusion. Successful stints of probation in the past indicate that the candidate is committed to observing the rules of probation. However, I disagree. I disagree with the recommendation that he should report bi-weekly. Kris has a stable family he is attached to, fixed abode, committed to work and desiring a prosperous future. Consequently, it is proper if he reports once every month. A profile for a perfect probation candidate should consider whether the candidate has a fixed place or residence, or a place where he has lived for more than 5 years. He should have a good rapport not only with his pare nts, but also with the surrounding community. This ensures that the community will not stigmatize him which risks possibility for flight or relapse into the crime. Lastly, an employee or somebody who is dedicated to his work is likely to be financially stable and occupied to resort to crime. The strategy of matching inmates to prison facilities helps to implement the Eighth Amendment. The Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment of prisoners while they are in prison. A prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment is a universal rule of constitutional law in United States (Fellman, 1957, p. 34). In essence, even after the prisoner is sentenced to jail, the constitutional rights under the eighth amendment applies to define conditions of treatment during the confinement period. Any punishment that violates basic human rights is deemed cruel and inhuman. Matching inmates to prison facilities ensures compliance with the eighth amendment. It ensures that there is balance and propor tionality between the programs needs and the level of security. Prisons differ in terms of the level of security and facilities available.  

Global consumer or Local consumer Essay Example for Free

Global consumer or Local consumer Essay Global consumer or Local consumer: Whenever the concept of Glo-cal comes into discussion the punch line of The Hong Kong Shanghai Bank comes into the mind which is â€Å"the world’s local bank†. Mooij in 2004 conducted a study to understand â€Å"Can consumers be differentiated as global and local consumers? If so then how are they identified? Global advertisement targeting global customer should have universal values to be successful. Because of this even Saatchi Saatchi, the advertising agency that was first to embrace the concept of global advertising, changed their opinion. Kevin Roberts, CEO worldwide of Saatchi Saatchi, stated in 2002: â€Å"Anyone who wants to go global has to understand the local – their own local and the locals of all their customers. People live in the local. I’ve never met a global consumer. I never expect to. We define ourselves by our differences. It’s called identity- self, family, and nation. † Global standardization of product or communication will not be helpful as the markets differ in their structures and socio-cultural frameworks. Consumer values and the advertisement values should be comparable when any offering is made. Douglas Daft, Coca-Cola’s CEO, stated in 2000: â€Å"People don’t buy drinks globally. † In the year 2000 the Coca-Cola Company, which had until then been the prototype of a global advertiser, decided to get closer to local markets because of declining profitability. Coca-Cola’s CEO Douglas Daft was quoted in the Financial Times, â€Å"We kept standardizing our practices, while local sensitivity had become absolutely essential to success. † According to Daft, the general direction is away from global advertising. â€Å"We need to make our advertising as relevant as possible to the local market. † As the sociologist-anthropologist David Howes says, â€Å"The assumption that goods like Coca-Cola on entering a culture will retain and communicate the values they are accorded by their culture of origin must be questioned. Often these goods are transformed in accordance with the values of the receiving culture. † (Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 16) The global customer remains within the minds of the marketer while he serves local consumer even if his operations are global. As indicated by the work of various researchers it is clear that companies working globally actually serve the local customer and function â€Å"globally† . For the global success of any organization it needs to understand the local culture and preferences and design its business strategies around that. Conceptual Framework for Special Occasion Packaging Literature review has provided understanding of various concepts like packaging, culture, special occasion, gift packaging and many others. In the literature review there is clear indications of the interdependence of various demographic factors to the cultural and packaging variables. Individuals gender, age and ethnic background may be important factor of his/her culture and this will have influence on the way they make choices. Special occasions can be as personal as birthday to someone and can be a socio-cultural activity like Christmas. During the festival season what are the attributes of packaging which influence consumers, whether or not these attributes are related to the demographic profile of the consumer. How consumer would like to gift someone in terms of packaging and presentation of it. Packaging being an important aspect of the marketing mix it is crucial for marketer to understand the impact of packaging on the consumer especially when they are doing purchase for someone else as a gift. Packaging during special occasions can be characterized by the use of bright and attractive Colours, various shapes and styles, size, text and graphics materials. Packaging is important during festival season to the consumer as well as the marketer. Consumer wants to have special shopping for his near and dear ones where as marketer tries to utilize this opportunity to serve the consumer profitably. This study is an effort to understand the role of demographic profile and packaging attributes in the decision making of consumer during the festival seasons or special occasions. This investigation will enable managers to understand various aspects of packaging aesthetics and how products packaging can be designed keeping in mind these aesthetics in order to make delightful consumer experience within the marketplace Culture indicates the group norms within a society. People deviating from that group norm face the punishment of the group. Hence it is very different to bring a change within a night in the cultural sphere of an individual rather it would be easier to understand the culture and changing business strategies according to that. There has been constant change in the cultural set ups of various society. Worldwide the family influence is declining. The time with people is less as compared to what it used to even few decades back. People have less time for in – house, spouse or parent – child influence. The divorce rates are increasing and the numbers of living relationships are increasing. The marriage age is growing day by day and the age people attain parenthood has also changed. Most of the family is nuclear now. The level of religious influence is also changing. The educational institutions and the teaching methodologies, syllabus everything has changed from the past and has strong influence on the culture and society. Culture is being inculcated through family, religion and schools. It rewards socially gratifying responses and the person who adheres to the norms of culture. Culture is an adaptive concept. There are various factors which are being influenced by culture. These are as follows: †¢ Individual’s sense of self and space †¢ Communication and language within the society and outer world. †¢ Mental processes and learning. †¢ Work habits and practices †¢ Dress and appearance of an individual †¢ Food and feeding habits has changed due to changes in lifestyle and globalization. †¢ Less Time is available for each task and people have become time consciousness †¢ Equations of Relationships have changed. †¢ Values and norms are continuously changing within a society. †¢ Beliefs and attitudes get influenced by culture. Consumer behaviour Consumer is a king. This is the reason various companies are trying to serve their consumer in the best way they can. The markets are different worldwide. On one hand marketer has markets like UK and US which are matured one where innovation and holding the market share is important as competitions is real too tough. On the other hand markets like China and India are growing with their growing population and their needs. These markets required consistent effort to increase market share of the marketer. It becomes crucial for the marketer to understand consumer behaviour to offer the best solution to their needs and maintain or increase their customer base. She knew she was paying more per apple than if shed got them from the market stall or the corner grocers. She got four MS apples for the price of five, six or seven elsewhere but the MS variety were high-quality, washed and came in plastic, protective packaging, not a brown paper bag. (BLACKHURST 2004) Figure II. 3: Impact of Culture on Different Variables Individual Differences: Each individual differ with other in the resources s/he has. These consumer Resources are time, money, information reception and processing capabilities. Consumers come from different socio-economic backgrounds. The level of education they have and knowledge also differs from consumer to consumer. Throughout his life he develops attitudes towards things in his life. The factors which can motivate a person differ from person to person based on his background, age, family structure and so on. The personality of an individual customer, value system and lifestyle makes difference in his buying behaviour and information search process. Environmental Influences Any individual lives in a society where various external factors impact him. The government policies, sociological structures, culture, social class or status, personal influence, power it enjoys within the society, family and particular situation in his life has influence on his buying behaviour. Psychological Processes The psychological process is very important to understand consumer behaviour. While information processing it is possible that consumer has selective processing in which he sees or hears only those things which he wants to hear. For instance a person who is new father or mother is more likely to be attentive for the advertisements where infants or toddlers are shown. This selective attention is due to the particular period in their lifestyle, situation and family. This develops selective processing of the information. How fast or slow consumer is to learn new things, new product details and its benefits. How behaviour and attitude of consumer can be changed or changes. There are various factors influencing consumer decision making process. Some are as follows: Size Colour Intensity Contrast Position Directionality Movement Isolation Novelty Learned ‘stimuli’ Attractive spokesperson †¢ Attitude towards gifts packaging Hine (1995) states the importance of packaging in terms of psychological factors like feelings and excitement. According to Hine ‘every package and anything on a package is capable of triggering feelings such as excitement, as well as beliefs about the brand and its trustworthiness, because when we look at a package, we see a personality and a set of values. ’ Packaging is an effective tool utilized by people in order to convey mystery about the product inside, create excitement and interest and share happiness. . There are various attributes to packaging which impacts its overall presentation. These attributes are package design, Colour, material used and occasion. Good design has intrinsic appeal. This intrinsic appeal is essentially aesthetic. Colours are important attribute of any packaging be it normal packaging or gif packaging. There are certain products which can be recalled along with the Colours associated with them. For instance IBM with blue, Coca-Cola with red Hine (1995) further describes the emotional, cultural and expectation related importance of Colours used in packaging. Colours trigger physiological reaction in the receiver. This can be emotional. Blue can make a person calm while red can make him excited. There are various symbolic qualities attached to Colours. Colours come to symbolize general qualities in all cultures. These are as follows in the west: †¢ White—delicacy; †¢ Black— mourning or business; †¢ Red—strength, vitality, excitement, danger; †¢ Yellow—youth, hope, and cheer; †¢ Blue—harmony, honesty, and calmness; †¢ Green—the outdoors and country life; †¢ Brown—friendliness, trust, and reliability. People expect different things with the packaging they see for products and gifts. Howard (1992) states the importance of considering age and purpose factors in the gift wrapping for children. According to Howard (1992) â€Å"Childrens packaging is often a combination of unusual form and complex surface decoration. When my painting teacher in art school called me a great surface decorator, I knew it was not a compliment; yet, childrens surface decorating is meaningful and significant. † I. Methodology In the previous studies focus had ranged from studying the culture, packaging technologies, packaging aspects with the international context and many others. Though consumer feedbacks, socio-cultural influences, political legal frameworks had provided vital inputs on packaging and its roles but less efforts were done to understand the consumer behaviour during special occasion for this very important aspect of marketing mix. Organizations have been using packaging for various purposes. Packaging is used for protecting, communicating, safety purposes and presentation by the organizations. . It has been seen from previous studies that though the colour, typography, shapes and sizes and material of the packaging has been considered as important components, most of the studies conducted has been in the area of either packaging material or style in normal conditions. For special occasions organizations develop special strategies well in advance. For Christmas the preparations usually starts from the month of July August in order to meet the excess demand of the products. But in the case of other attributes or all the attributes of packaging during special occasion, hardly any work has done. Various components like colour and graphics have been important for the packaging during these occasions. This study will provide information which will help organizations in packaging during special occasions. There are various factors influencing consumer decision-making process i. e.socio-psychological. This is important for strategy makers and decision makers to have this vital information. The way this information is utilised within an organization is very important. The study is based on the Literature review. Secondary resources like websites of major retailers, journals, prestigious magazines and books and references regarding the study in business industry will be produced by various marketing forums, seminar and research papers, institutional publications and industry magazines. Primary data is important for this study. Fieldwork for the study had mainly involved structured questionnaires, concentrating on the consumers of retail organization Mark Spencer. The study tries to identify personal details like demographic details of the respondents, level of involvement with different packaging aspects during special occasion, experiences, knowledge and other factors where they have utilised some form of information in their decision making process in their buying behaviour. The issues to be asked by the questionnaires will fall into some major categories or topic areas of packaging and consumer behaviour. The data is analyzed with the help of simple data analysis tools MS Excel. Research methodology is an important aspect of any market research or survey. It describes the objectives, data collected, sampling, variables and other issues regarding research. Any research methodology defines the activity of research, the way it should be preceded, the way to measure its progress and the benchmarks or expected results of success. In this particular study the data has been collected with the help of a structured questionnaire. This questionnaire contained close-ended questions with the options available to the respondents. These questions were designed with the view that the respondent can respond to the questionnaire in shortest possible time. The language used is simple. The sentences are short and clear. Data has been collected by a survey conducted close to the Marks and Spencer retail organization, Birmingham. The respondents ranged from university students, working people, house wives and others representing both the genders and all the age groups mentioned in the questionnaire. The results have been divided into these same categories to ensure validity and reliability. General information in regard to identifiers was utilized in order to ensure that there would be no bias. This information provided the researcher with a more clarified view of perceptions in regard to the impact of packaging on special occasions. I. i. Hypothesis It is the intention of this work to discover the components which are very important for consumers during special occasions for gift giving or receiving. The questions to answer include several considerations. Those considerations include: the number of times the individual gives gift to others in a specific duration, what is the ethnic background of the consumer and whether it has any significance in the decision making of consumer for gift packaging; how various components of packaging are ranked by the customer, which are the most important components, whether or not gender plays any role in the gift giving and packaging decisions, views of the respondents as a gift receiver and sender about its packaging. In applying knowledge continuation of the research is managed by inquiring if respondents agree with various packaging components and their impacts on them. This series of questionnaires concerns different viewpoints to provide a more valid and expressive result. In so doing, inquiries were carried out by questionnaire for the respondents from various ethnic background, age group and gender. The qualitative research was conducted through an interview with the employee of Marks and Spencer about the special occasion and gift packaging. The interview was based on a structured questionnaire with set of questions. These questions are open ended and view points of the respondent has been noted cautiously I. ii. Research objectives The objective in this study is to understand the impact of social occasions on packaging. The study is balanced in its validity and reliability by results in questionnaires delivered to respondents and the employee of Marks and Spencer †¢ The objective is to discover whether the components of packaging have impact on the consumer decision making. †¢ The objective also includes understanding the relationship among the components of packaging, culture and demographic profile of the consumer. †¢ The other objective is to understand the level to which organization gets involve in packaging during the special occasions. To meet these objectives the primary research is designed based on structured questionnaire to collect data to understand the level of involvement in the decision making for the packaging and its aspects. I. iii. Primary research I. iii. a. Data collection. Primary data is collected with the help of structured questionnaire from the area surrounding colleges in and around the Birmingham. These data collected by various kind of respondents from different age group, sex and ethnic background of people doing shopping in Mark Spencer. Data was gained from a specific area for ease of accessibility and for targeted accuracy lending reliability and validity to the research process. Data is collected to understand the attitude and consumer behaviour of the components of packaging. Due to the fact that researcher is working with the organization it is easy to manage and collect data from this particular area and the focus was managed accordingly. The data for this work was managed through a single questionnaire handed out to respondents of different backgrounds in front of Mark Spencer, Birmingham researcher’s location. The researcher utilized gender identifiers and numbers or letters to separate each questionnaire for validity and reliability of results and to ensure bias reductions. The questionnaire is located in the Appendix section for understanding of the questions. The majority of questions in the questionnaire are closed ended questions. Each question in the demographic section had options available to the respondents and respondent has to tick on the most appropriate one. On the other hand the situation specific questions, there are statements given and the respondent has to tick the most appropriate term based on to what level he agrees to the statement or not. These questions are based on the Likert Scale concepts. The questionnaire is designed on the basis of the in puts of the literature review and previous studies conducted by various other researchers. One question is ranking question where respondent has to rank various components of the packaging on the basis of his preference. These provided the list of factors to be covered which helped researchers to narrow down the important factors which are important to fulfil the objectives of the study. The questionnaire has been distributed among the target respondents. The respondents had been explained the objectives for which the study was conducted and any other risk associated with the study. The confidentiality of identity was insured. Respondent had been ensured that this data will not be used in any other purpose than this particular study. The process to deliver and collect these questionnaires spanned approximately two weeks. I. iii. b. Variables The variables involved included age groups, gender and ethnic background. The next sets of variables were various components of packaging and consumer behaviour for the same. Limitations in these variables include the fact that marital status, family structure and economic status of the various respondents were not included in the research paradigm.

Fighting For Our Love Ones Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s world, most families have a love one struggling to live with cancer, HIV, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis. Most of us, here in the United States, have watched a love one endure the pain of chemotherapy, uncontrollable muscle spasms, or blindness. Our love ones not only suffer physical pain, but mental anguish as well. Our dying loves ones are at war with our Federal Government. They are fighting for a chance at a better quality of life. They are fighting for the legalization of marijuana for medical use. Until marijuana is legalized for medical use, our love ones are forced to break the law. "†¦my gift to my husband, John Joseph who died last year. At the end of his life, my husband was wracked with pain from lung cancer. Marijuana was one medication that eased his intense pain, and nausea during chemotherapy. But, to get marijuana to help JJ, we had to break the law. †¦my husband’s ability to tolerate chemotherapy after a couple of puffs of marijuana extended his life and improved his quality of life (1)." That was an excerpt from a letter written by Anne Boyce to the voters of California for the passage of Proposition 215. In 1996, Proposition 215 was a proposed legislation in California that makes it legal for doctors to prescribe marijuana to terminally ill patients. Proposition 215 was passed by the voters of California, but patients who use marijuana could still and are prosecuted by our Federal Government. Anne Boyce broke the law in order to obtain marijuana for her dying husband. Anne Boyce, a sixty-seven year old Registered Nurse, is not your typical criminal, now is she? Nevertheless, if Anne Boyce was caught by the law enforcement, she would be punished to the fullest extent of the law. Federally, possession of even one joint carries a maximum penalty of one year in prison (7). Cultivation of even one plant is a felony, with a maximum sentence of five years (7). Is this fair? Anne Boyce and others like her are law-abiding citizens, but they or someone they love are suffering from a grave illness, and legal pharmaceuticals do not ease the pain. So, they are force to break the law. Wouldn’t you do the same for your love one? I know I would. There is a need for a change. "I often drove her to the ho... ...he new millenium, the United States is well equipped with technology to address and to solve these problems. How can we help our love ones deal with the pain and agony of a deadly disease? How can we improve the quality of their lives? The answer is simple. Marijuana has been proven to be therapeutic, to have countless medical benefits, and to be remarkably safe. The medical use of marijuana needs to be legalized. It would be monitored just like any other controlled substance. This solution is easy. Legalizing marijuana would go through the same procedure as the other medically prescribed substance. It is up to us. We, the people of America, need to follow in the footsteps of Anne Boyce as well as the voters of California. We need to write to our Congressmen. Let our Senators and our Representatives know of our wishes, our rights. We need to talk a stand. Follow the advice of a once great President, Thomas Jefferson, who once said "if people let the government decide what foods they eat and what medicines they take, their bodies will soon be as in sorry state as are the souls of those who live under tyranny."

First World War Sources Questions

The sources 8,9 and 10 can all be used as evidence about the role of generals in the First World War. However, the reliability of the sources can be questioned. Source 8 is in the form of a novel. This could mean, as the source is not entirely genuine, that some of the information is exaggerated. Another reason why this source may not be correct is the date that it was written. By 1989 many of the memories and much of the information has become distorted or ‘hazy'. This could mean that, again, the information in the source is not wholly correct. Source 9 is a soldiers song from the war. This kind of song is usually extremely biased, as it often shows the true feelings of the soldiers who wrote and sang it. Also it maybe exaggerated and may not indicate actual information, affecting how reliable it is as evidence. However, songs and poems can give us an accurate representation of soldiers feelings about the subject. This is due to the fact that, although letters and the like are censored for content considered to be delicate or critical, songs and poems are not usually censored. This is strengthened by the fact that it agrees with sources 2 and 3, which are soldiers views of Haig. In addition, this song is primary information and the views will not have been changed over time. However, it does not agree with source 12, by Marshall Foch, who worked with Haig, and says he was â€Å"wise, loyal and energetic†, contradicting evidence from the song about how Haig did not actually contribute to the war effort. Source 10 is written as a poem. It was written during the war by a soldier who fought in the war, and therefore would be accurate and unchanged. However the soldier, Siegfried Sassoon, was injured in the Battle of Arras, and therefore would have bitter feelings, and would possibly even feel vengeful of the leadership of the army. Sassoon also protested against the war after speaking to two pacifists and was sent to a wartime mental institute to recover from shellshock, to cover up the protest, instead of the usual punishment for that kind of thing. This source was also written after the major battles of 1916 and 1917, when the attitude towards General Haig had changed somewhat, because of the mass fatalities and casualty numbers. Source 9 says that Haig â€Å"boasts and skites†. This indicates that Haig is arrogant and boastful, a suggestion which is mirrored in sources 2 and 3 which criticise Haig's leadership, and source 8, when the clearing of the dead from the battlefield at night is likened to â€Å"clearing the table ready for the Generals next game of soldiers†. This is seen as an everyday thing which does not require much thought. This also suggests that Haig was childish and incompetent, as a game of soldiers is associated with childhood games. The suggestion of incompetence is confirmed by source 10: â€Å"he did for them both by his plan of attack†. This agrees with sources 2 and 3 where Haig is called a â€Å"butcher†. However, this is again disputed by source 12, but also by source 13, which shows Haig to be thoughtful and wise. Source 11, also, says that it was due to Haig's â€Å"grim determination† and â€Å"organisational ability† that the war was won. Source 4 agrees with this by saying he felt â€Å"quite sad† about the deaths of the men. However, this suggests that he is unfit to lead the army as he cannot plan an efficient attack which minimises the numbers of casualties. As these sources tend to agree on these subjects, it suggests that the sources are more reliable. Source 9 says that Haig was â€Å"safely in the rear†, which is consolidated by source 3, which says that he lived â€Å"50 kilometres behind the line†. This also suggests that the source is more reliable as it is backed up by other sources. 6. (a) Sources 11, 12 and 13 all complement Haig as being a very worthy leader of the British army. Source 11 begins by saying how David Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister did not have a lot of faith in Haig's ability, and that he removed the Generals command. This shows that other people did not believe that Haig was a good general. However, source 11 goes on to say that Haig worked with the Allied commander, Foch. The source says that it was due to Haig's â€Å"organisational ability† and â€Å"grim determination† that the German army was eventually defeated. This shows that Haig had the skills required to be a good general, and that he had the ability to lead the British army. Source 12 describes Haig's policy as being â€Å"wise, loyal and energetic†. This means that the Allied Commander believed fully in the General. This shows that Haig was intelligent and that he was devoted to his country. Source 13, by Haig himself, highlights qualities in Haig. He says â€Å"I think this is a mistake, because it is merely laying up trouble for the future†. This shows that he is looking to the future, and using foresight. This agrees with the previous source, which said that Haig was â€Å"wise†. He also demonstrates intelligence by saying he doubts whether Germany are â€Å"sufficiently low yet†. He is also demonstrating humanitarianism by saying that he thinks that punishing Germany is a â€Å"mistake†. This evidence all shows that Haig is a wise, worthy leader. 6. (b) There is an important reason why the views expressed in sources 11, 12 and 13 are different to those expressed in sources 8, 9 and 10. This is because the writers of these sources have entirely different perspectives of the war. In sources 8, 9 and 10, the writers all have very narrow perspectives of the war. Source 8 is written from a soldiers point of view. This means all the soldier would see and think about would be his own trench, the bad conditions, and the amount of people dying around him. He would also see horrific diseases, such as trench foot, knee deep mud and rats. Therefore, from this, the soldier may blame the commanders, as they are seen as living â€Å"50 kilometres behind the line†, (source 3), in relative luxury. Sources 9 and 10 would also have this attitude as they are also written by, or about soldiers. Sources 11, 12 and 13 are all written by socially higher, higher ranking people, or, in the case of source 11, an historian with a wider perspective and hindsight. These people have a different view to that of the soldiers in that they weigh up land gained against the number of casualties. From this point of view, the General would not seem as bad as from the perspective of the soldiers, who only see terrible conditions and men being killed around them, as in, for example, the battle of the Somme, where conditions were terrible, and huge amounts of men were dying. The General also had a political agenda, and had other things to think about other than conditions of trenches and the things that concerned the men. All the writers of these sources are from similar social classes, and would probably ‘stick together'. This may provide another explanation for the attitude taken. In source 11, it mentions that David Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister at the time, did not have as much faith in Haig as, for example, Foch. Lloyd George did not bestow this confidence on Haig because of the heavy losses at Passchendaele. Therefore, it could be said that Lloyd George is agreeing with the like of the writers of sources 8, 9 and 10, and supporting their ideas. This is also suggesting that Haig executed wrong decisions, and his leadership should be questioned, in accordance with the soldiers views. 7. There are a number of factors which could make it seem that the allied victories of 1918 were gained â€Å"against overwhelming odds†. To begin with, the Bolshevik revolution in Russia meant that Russia left the war, causing an influx of German soldiers leaving the Russian front line, and arriving at the Western front. This would mean, that if the battles were won, they would have been won against overwhelming odds due to the sheer numbers of troops on the Western front line. In addition to this, Turkey was also repelling troops away from its fronts, adding to the problems and odds of British victory. The Battle of the Somme was seen as one of the worst battles during World War One. Thousands of men were killed on the first day alone. However, there was very little land gained from the battle. The reason that the offensive was such a failure was that the artillery fire which was supposed to destroy all German forces and bunkers failed. As this failed, as soon as the artillery barrage ceased, the Allied troops went to the German strongholds where they expected there to be little or no resistance. However, the German machine gun posts had been set up, and the men were killed by the hundred. Also, the barbed wire, which was supposedly cut very well, was cut in scarce places, so that the machine gunners merely had to point at a single place and fire. This meant that casualty numbers were enormous. However, the British army learnt many lessons from this battle and were, it is said, transformed into professionals from this battle. Thus, battles such as the Battle of Cambrai, in 1918, were won easily and effectively with low numbers of casualties. Therefore, the battles could be seen to have been won against overwhelming odds. However, there was a bad effect on morale due to the losses of the Battle of the Somme, and also due to battles such as Ypres and Passchendaele. This can be seen from sources 2,3,8 and 9. Source 2 says that Haig was known as the â€Å"butcher† around 1917, which would be just after the major battles. Source 3 â€Å"I don't think he knew what a trench was like†, while source 8 says the General was playing a â€Å"game of soldiers, and source 9- â€Å"the men who really did the job are dead and in their grave†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The soldiers are all are very bitter and angry towards Haig and the leadership. This was because weapons were not integrated into tactics properly (like the tank at the Battle of the Somme), the tactics were poor, and bad decisions were made on the part of the Generals, such as where to fire the artillery at the Somme. Therefore this shows that the battles that were won in 1918 were won against overwhelming odds due to low morale, bad tactics, and ba dly integrated weapons. There were other problems with British tactics. One was that the British leader's mentality was that of offensive warfare, they had an ‘attacking mentality'. This meant that they did not believe in defence, and because the Germans used the machine gun so effectively, there were huge odds against the British troops gaining any ground at all. Also, the British did not properly utilise the machine gun to its full capacity, and therefore were not as defensively capable as the Germans. As a result of this, the German Ludendorff offensive, operation Michael, very nearly succeeded, with the allies only just managing to hold their line. The allies learnt important lessons from this, and were much more defensive. Tanks were also a failure in their trial run, as sources 6 and 7 support. Source 6 says that â€Å"twenty-eight broke down†¦ and the remaining thirty-two scurried into the mud†. Overall, much of the new British weaponry was not properly blended with the tactics. Thi s meant that it was very unlikely that any land could be gained. There are, however, reasons which make it seem that the battles were not so difficult, and that the odds were easy. One important factor which supports this is that America joined the war. By doing this they brought with them money, expertise, and overall, more troops. This boosted morale, and the numbers of troops on all fronts was increased. There were other major factors which possibly helped the allies to win victories. The German troops were hit by Spanish Influenza, causing them to lose many men before they even got to the fronts. This reduced the numbers of opposing troops, and so allowed the allies easier victories. In addition to this, Italy left Germany's side, and, as a result, Germany had less troops, and the allies had more. This hindered Germany, and coupled with the loss of troops through Spanish ‘Flu, caused a large problem. Another problem for the German's was the submarine blockade by the allies, which meant that they were running low on supplies, and were struggling to keep going on the supplies they had. Although the Tank was used poorly in the Somme, it was greatly improved, and used to it's full potential in the Battle of Cambrai in 1918. This gave the allies a huge advantage, and weakened the odds against victory. This is backed by historian Gary Sheffield- â€Å"the British army is an effective fighting machine†. In source 7, it justifies Haig's use of Tanks because of the need to break the stalemate on the western front. In addition there is the need for an actual trial run to test the tanks on the battlefield. – John Terraine also says that the Allied leaders deserve more credit than they were given. This can be justified and refuted by a number of points. Firstly, the allied leaders were criticised for using bad tactics, and for not caring about men's lives. However, if the leadership was so terrible, why were the generals not replaced? Also, the generals were given rewards at the end of the war, and this may not have happened if the leaders were as bad as is said. The leaders were seen as terrible because of the nature of the job they did. Whatever they did, men would die, and Haig saw this. Also, the Generals were under tight scrutiny, and what they did was being seen for the first time, so naturally people were shocked. However, Haig could not have been sacked due to the huge amount of public scrutiny. If he was sacked, there would be an outcry that the army was being led by an incapable leader, and this would lead to lower morale, and men would stop joining up. Haig was also good friends with the King and was in a high up social position. Therefore it would be hard to sack him. There was also no-one to replace him that was seen to be well enough qualified. However, if Haig just took for granted that whatever he did, men would die, then possibly he would not try to prevent this. Haig's plan was â€Å"to kill more Germans than they could kill British†. These are terrible tactics to employ, but that was the way he was taught to look at it. Also, there was no evidence that British losses were any higher than those of the other countries. Therefore there is evidence for and against the argument of whether the generals have been given enough credit. One of the major criticisms displayed in the sources written by soldiers is that Haig lived so far behind the line. Source 3 says â€Å"he lived almost 50 kilometres behind the line†. However, there was no need for him to live close to the line. He was required to have a wide perspective of all the fronts and living close to the front line would not allow this. He also thought that he needed to distance himself from his officers, so as to inspire confidence. However, the criticism against this is that as a result of this, he had â€Å"no idea of what he was sending men into†, says Laffin, a reliable historian. This would affect his judgement, and it could be said that he did not care about his men if he did not even know where he was sending them. This is backed by source 3 which says â€Å"I don't think he knew what a trench was like†. It is also backed by source 4, which says I feel quite sad at times when I see them march past me†, and source 10: â€Å"When we met him last week on our way to the line†. This shows that he is not very sad about the fact that these men will probably die. Also, it agrees with the fact that he lives a long way behind the line. A point which backs Haig's tactics is that Haig was taught to lead the way he lead. At school, Haig was taught to attack, and not defend, thus it can be understood why he did not properly know how to use weapons like the machine gun. Also, he was using the 1900 cavalry training manual, considered to be standard military doctrine, which concentrates a lot on horses and cavalry, rather than new, more modern techniques. This is strengthened by sources 6 and 7, which say that he hoped to use the tanks he had to â€Å"give him the edge†. However, he should possibly have made the effort to change the ways he commanded the army, in line with the modern advances in weaponry. Also, although Haig was taught to always attack, and that defence was cowardly, tactics change, and he possibly should have adapted to counter the changes. Haig was taught to compare the land gained to the men lost. He was also taught to not be bothered by large numbers of deaths so long as it was justifiable. A possible reason for this is that he believed very strongly in the presence of God at his side. Although rather optimistic, he believed that God would see him through and help him to win the battle. He also believed that men that died on the battlefield for their country went merely to â€Å"a different room†, and that because they had died patriotically that they would be greatly honoured in death. Haig was seen to be a good commander who motivated his officers, although one of his main failings was that he did not correct mistakes, he merely stood back and let them continue, a failing that is very significant when training officers. Haig said that it was not his job to direct the army, that that was the job of his subordinates, and that he just trains and prepares the army. However, if he does not correct mistakes, then he cannot be training the army very well. Haig was heavily criticised for the mass fatalities at the battle of Passchendaele. Many men died there, and Haig lost a lot of credibility from the failure. Objectives were not met either, although there could be an explanation for Haig's failure here and at the Somme and Ypres. Haig's Chief of Intelligence continued to tell him that the German's were on the brink of defeat, and that one more wave of men would finish them. This was not always entirely true, although Haig had no evidence to suggest otherwise. Therefore, the fact that tactics were repeatedly bad, and that many men lost their lives could be explained. However, Haig repeatedly went against the advice of his second-in-command, and the government, especially about the Somme. He was advised about which areas of the Somme to bomb, and he also was advised to call off the Somme offensive. It was said that it was not even realistically possible to gain any land from the Somme campaign anyway. This could, however, be explained by the feed of wrong intelligence mentioned earlier. There was a wide perception that the war would be â€Å"over by Christmas†. The Generals had to try and make this a reality, if not by Christmas, then as soon as possible after. This is shown in source 7, â€Å"I shall use what I have got, as I cannot wait any longer for them†. Therefore another reason can be offered to justify why the Generals sent in as many men as possible and bad tactics were repeated. Haig was removed temporarily and replaced by the French commander, Foch, who Haig collaborated well with. Haig was removed by Lloyd George, the British prime minister, who had very little experience of the war and had only visited the front line once, to see the son of a fellow politician in a field hospital. Therefore he could not really have made the decision of whether Haig should have been removed of not. Foch said Haig was â€Å"wise, loyal, and energetic†. Therefore the commander who Haig was replaced by says that he was a worthy commander, meaning that surely he is. There are many arguments for and against whether the victories of 1918 were won against overwhelming odds. However, from all the evidence, and the sources, the verdict can be reached that they were not. This conclusion is reached mainly because of all the hindrances upon the German army, coupled with the changing of sides by Italy, and the joining of the United States of America. All these things added together meant that although the battles of 1918 were difficult, they were not gained against â€Å"overwhelming odds†. The British army had had time to prepare, and was ready for the battles. There are also discussions about whether the Allied leaders really deserve more credit than they have already had. Again, from all the sources and evidence, the conclusion can be made that they do not deserve more credit. This is due to the fact that Haig's tactics were dated, he did not integrate new weaponry he was given, and he did not care enough for the men's lives that he sent into battle. Although he was given exaggerated information, and he could not have been sacked for various reasons, as Laffin said, â€Å"Haig did not win, he was there at the finish†.